![]() It was published by University of California Press in 2018 and won the 2019 California Book Awards gold medal for contribution to publishing. Green’s first book was Carleton Watkins: Making the West American. It is available in both the US and in Europe. In adherence with Emerson’s landmark definition of landscape as a public commons, all of the images in the book come from museums and libraries with open-access policies. The book features about 75 artworks reproduced in-line with Green’s essays and within the text of Emerson’s Nature. Emerson’s Nature also examines how Emerson joined his Anglo-Saxonist white-race theory to ideas about nature in ways that helped bake whiteness into the American landscape tradition. The book features a new consideration of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s classic 1836 text, new research that reveals how Nature was informed by Emerson’s engagement with American art, and critical analysis of how the ideas Emerson presented in Nature informed American art for 100 years after Nature was published. Green’s Emerson’s Nature and the Artists: Idea as Landscape, Landscape as Idea was published by Prestel in October 2021. Green is also the producer and host of The Modern Art Notes Podcast, the leading audio program about art. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.Tyler Green is an historian, critic and author whose work examines the ways in which artists and their work have engaged with and impacted national histories. We are grateful for the help of Peggy Ann Brown and Kevin Morrow at the Library of Congress. This work would not have been possible without the help of our dedicated team of research assistants: Ashley Brewster, Maddy Conkle, Jack Csokmay, Vi Dinh, Mark Drodz, Matthew Edwards, Alisa Feng, Fahim Hossain, Daniel Lake, Ryan Scott, Daniel Missell, Abby Nenna, Yamini Panagari, Ethan Pointer, Jessica Shakesprere, Morgan Thompson, Julia Uhler, and Lingxuan Yang. We also thank seminar participants at the University of Missouri, Northwestern University, Queen’s University, the University of Victoria, York University, and conference participants at the 2019 NBER Summer Institute (DAE), 2019 CEA meetings, 2019 SSHA meetings, and 2019 SEA meetings for useful feedback. We would like to thank Rob Clark, Matt Gregg, Taylor Jaworski, Ian Keay, and Anji Redish for valuable comments. Finally, Green Book presence tends to correlate positively with measures of material well-being and economic activity. Third, for Green Book establishments located in cities for which the Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC) drew residential security maps, the vast majority (nearly 70 percent) are located in the lowest-grade, redlined neighborhoods. Again, the Northeast had the highest share of non-discriminatory accommodations, with the South following closely behind. Second, we combine our Green Book estimates with newly digitized county-level estimates of hotels to generate the share of non-discriminatory formal accommodations. ![]() The Midwest had the highest number of Green Book establishments per black resident and the South had the lowest. First, the largest number of Green Book establishments were found in the Northeast, while the lowest number were found in the West. Our analysis reveals several new facts about discrimination in public accommodations that contribute to the broader literature on racial segregation. We create a novel panel dataset that contains precise geocoded locations of over 4,000 unique businesses that provided non-discriminatory service to African American patrons between 19. We digitize the Negro Motorist Green Books, important historical travel guides aimed at helping African Americans navigate segregation in the pre-Civil Rights Act United States. ![]() The causes and implications of the associated de jure and de facto residential segregation have received substantial attention from scholars, but there has been little empirical research on racial discrimination in public accommodations during this time period. Jim Crow segregated African Americans and whites by law and practice. ![]()
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